The fractional stochastic delay differential equation (FSDDE) is a powerful mathematical tool for modeling complex systems that exhibit both fractional order dynamics and stochasticity with time ...
A calculus equation is a mathematical expression that establishes a relationship between one or more unknown functions and their calculus, and is widely used to describe systems in economics 1, ...
In mathematical calculus, integration and differentiation are two of the most interesting concepts. Both of these concepts are concerned with how things change over time. Since every material object ...
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